%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \sect{Fluctuations of $N$ in the grand canonical ensemble} Show that % % \[\langle\triangle N^{2}\rangle=\left(\frac{1}{\beta}\,\frac{\partial}{\partial\mu}\right)^{2}\ln Z=T\left(\frac{\partial N}{\partial\mu}\right)_{TV}\] % % From that prove the equation % % \[\frac{\langle\triangle N^{2}\rangle}{\langle N\rangle^{2}}=-\frac{T}{V^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial {p}}\right)_{N,T}\] % % The last step demands manipulation of equations in thermodynamics Hints: % % \[\left(\frac{\partial N}{\partial \mu}\right)_{T,V}=\left(\frac{\partial \mu}{\partial N}\right)_{TV}^{-1}\] % % % % \[d\mu=\nu d{p}+ SdT, \,\nu=\frac{V}{N},\, S=\frac{S}{N}\] % % % % \[\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial\nu}|_{T}=\nu\frac{\partial {p}}{\partial\nu}|_{T} \]