\documentclass[11pt,fleqn]{article}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%% template that does not use Revtex4
%%% but allows special fonts
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%
%%% Please use this template.
%%% Edit it using e.g. Notepad
%%% Ignore the header (do not change it)
%%% Process the file in the Latex site
%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


% Page setup
\topmargin -1.5cm
\oddsidemargin -0.04cm
\evensidemargin -0.04cm
\textwidth 16.59cm
\textheight 24cm
\setlength{\parindent}{0cm}
\setlength{\parskip}{0cm}

\usepackage{graphicx}
% Fonts
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{bm}


% Math symbols I
\newcommand{\sinc}{\mbox{sinc}}
\newcommand{\const}{\mbox{const}}
\newcommand{\trc}{\mbox{trace}}
\newcommand{\intt}{\int\!\!\!\!\int }
\newcommand{\ointt}{\int\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\circ\ }
\newcommand{\ar}{\mathsf r}
\newcommand{\im}{\mbox{Im}}
\newcommand{\re}{\mbox{Re}}

% Math symbols II
\newcommand{\eexp}{\mbox{e}^}
\newcommand{\bra}{\left\langle}
\newcommand{\ket}{\right\rangle}

% Mass symbol
\newcommand{\mass}{\mathsf{m}}
\newcommand{\Mass}{\mathsf{M}}

% More math commands
\newcommand{\tbox}[1]{\mbox{\tiny #1}}
\newcommand{\bmsf}[1]{\bm{\mathsf{#1}}}
\newcommand{\amatrix}[1]{\begin{matrix} #1 \end{matrix}}
\newcommand{\pd}[2]{\frac{\partial #1}{\partial #2}}

% Other commands
\newcommand{\hide}[1]{}
\newcommand{\drawline}{\begin{picture}(500,1)\line(1,0){500}\end{picture}}
\newcommand{\bitem}{$\bullet$ \ \ \ }
\newcommand{\Cn}[1]{\begin{center} #1 \end{center}}
\newcommand{\mpg}[2][1.0\hsize]{\begin{minipage}[b]{#1}{#2}\end{minipage}}
\newcommand{\Dn}{\vspace*{3mm}}

% Figures
\newcommand{\putgraph}[2][0.30\hsize]{\includegraphics[width=#1]{#2}}

% heading
\newcommand{\heading}[1]{\begin{center} \Large {#1} \end{center}}
\newcommand{\auname}[1]{\begin{center} \bf Submitted by: #1 \end{center}}


\begin{document}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%



\heading{E0070: The ergodic density $\rho(x)$}
\auname{Shira Wurzberg}


{\bf The problem:}

\Dn

Find an expression for ${\rho\left(x\right)}$ of a particle which is
confined by a potential ${V\left(x\right)}$, assuming that the its
state is microcannonical with energy ${E}$. Distinguish the special
cases of ${d=1,2,3}$ dimensions. In particular show that in the in
the ${d=2}$ case the density forms a step function. Contrast your
results with the canonical expression ${\rho\left(x\right) \propto
exp\left(-\beta V\left(x\right)\right)}$.


\Dn\Dn


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{\bf The solution:}

\Dn

In the microcanonical ensemble with energy $E$ the density $\rho(x)$ in $d$-dimensions is given by
\begin{align} \label{Eq:rho}
\rho(x) = \frac{\int \frac{d^d p}{(2\pi)^d} \delta(H(x,p) - E)} {\int \frac{d^d x d^d p}{(2\pi)^d} \delta(H(x,p) - E)} \equiv \frac{ \bar{\rho}_E(x) }{ g(E) },
\end{align}
where $g(E)$ is the density of states (DOS).
We assume that $H(x,p) = \frac{p^2}{2m} + V(x)$, and that $V(x \rightarrow \pm \infty) = \infty$.
Since $H$ depends only on the magnitude of $P$, while evaluating $\bar{\rho}_E(x)$ in any dimension we make the integration over the momentum $p$ in spherical coordinate. The constant which is the result of the angular constant is denoted by $C_d$, where $C_1 = 2$, $C_2 = 2\pi$, $C_3 = 4\pi$.
\begin{align}
\bar{\rho}_E(x) = \int \frac{d^d p}{(2\pi)^d} \delta( H(x,p) - E ) = C_d \int_0^\infty dp p^{d-1} \delta\left(\frac{p^2}{2m} - E + V(x)\right).
\end{align}
Now we use the fact that
\begin{align}
    \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \, \delta(g(x)) \, dx = \sum_{i}\frac{f(x_i)}{|g'(x_i)|},
\end{align}
which implies
\begin{align} \label{Eq:rho_E}
\bar{\rho}_E(x) &= C_d \frac{m}{\sqrt{2m(E - V(x))}} \int_0^\infty dp p^{d-1} \delta\left[p - \sqrt{2m(E - V(x))}\right] \nonumber \\
&= C_d m \left[ 2m(E - V(x)) \right]^{{d \over 2}-1} \Theta(E-V(x)),
\end{align}
where $\Theta(x)$ is the step function. Accordingly
\begin{align} \label{Eq:g_E}
g(E) = \int d^d x \bar{\rho}_E(x) = C_d m \int_{V(x) \leq E} d^dx \left[ 2m(E - V(x)) \right]^{{d \over 2}-1} \equiv C_d m V_{d,E}
\end{align}
Substituting Eqs.~(\ref{Eq:rho_E}) and (\ref{Eq:g_E}) in Eq.~(\ref{Eq:rho}), we get
\begin{align}
\rho(x) = \frac{1}{V_{d,E}} \left[ 2m(E - V(x)) \right]^{{d \over 2}-1} \Theta(E-V(x))
\end{align}
Specifically
\begin{align}
d=1 & : \rho(x) = \frac{ \Theta(E-V(x)) } { V_{1,E} \sqrt{2m(E - V(x))} } \\
d=2 & : \rho(x) = \frac{ \Theta(E-V(x)) } { V_{2,E} } \\
d=3 & : \rho(x) = \frac{ \sqrt{2m(E - V(x))} \Theta(E-V(x)) } { V_{3,E} }.
\end{align}
One can see that for $d=2$ a step function is indeed received.

\Dn

In the canonical ensemble $\rho(x) \sim e^{-\beta V(x)}$, which means that $\rho(x)$ is exponentially localized around the minimum of $V(x)$. In the microcanonical ensemble high energy may lead to larger phase space, and therefore to wider density distribution, while in the canonical ensemble the system is restricted to the ground states, thus concentrated around the minimum of the confining potential.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\end{document}
